14 Lease assets and investment property
| € million | 
 | Lease assets | 
 | Investment property | 
 | Total | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Cost  | 
 | 79,146 | 
 | 947 | 
 | 80,092 | 
| Foreign exchange differences | 
 | 1,105 | 
 | 17 | 
 | 1,122 | 
| Changes in consolidated Group | 
 | 187 | 
 | −5 | 
 | 182 | 
| Additions | 
 | 24,105 | 
 | 4 | 
 | 24,110 | 
| Transfers | 
 | −14 | 
 | 4 | 
 | −10 | 
| Disposals | 
 | 23,611 | 
 | 6 | 
 | 23,617 | 
| Balance at Dec. 31, 2022 | 
 | 80,919 | 
 | 961 | 
 | 81,880 | 
| Amortization and impairment  | 
 | 19,447 | 
 | 332 | 
 | 19,779 | 
| Foreign exchange differences | 
 | 262 | 
 | 3 | 
 | 265 | 
| Changes in consolidated Group | 
 | 73 | 
 | −1 | 
 | 72 | 
| Additions to cumulative amortization | 
 | 10,255 | 
 | 21 | 
 | 10,276 | 
| Additions to cumulative impairment losses | 
 | 261 | 
 | 1 | 
 | 261 | 
| Transfers | 
 | −4 | 
 | 1 | 
 | −3 | 
| Disposals | 
 | 8,216 | 
 | 3 | 
 | 8,220 | 
| Reversal of impairment losses | 
 | 539 | 
 | 1 | 
 | 540 | 
| Balance at Dec. 31, 2022 | 
 | 21,539 | 
 | 351 | 
 | 21,890 | 
| Carrying amount at Dec. 31, 2022 | 
 | 59,380 | 
 | 610 | 
 | 59,990 | 
| € million | 
 | Lease assets | 
 | Investment property | 
 | Total | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Cost  | 
 | 67,127 | 
 | 869 | 
 | 67,996 | 
| Foreign exchange differences | 
 | 2,791 | 
 | 21 | 
 | 2,812 | 
| Changes in consolidated Group | 
 | 283 | 
 | 48 | 
 | 331 | 
| Additions | 
 | 29,108 | 
 | 9 | 
 | 29,117 | 
| Transfers | 
 | –26 | 
 | 2 | 
 | –24 | 
| Disposals | 
 | 20,136 | 
 | 3 | 
 | 20,139 | 
| Balance at Dec. 31, 2021 | 
 | 79,146 | 
 | 947 | 
 | 80,092 | 
| Amortization and impairment  | 
 | 16,441 | 
 | 311 | 
 | 16,752 | 
| Foreign exchange differences | 
 | 894 | 
 | 4 | 
 | 898 | 
| Changes in consolidated Group | 
 | 10 | 
 | 0 | 
 | 10 | 
| Additions to cumulative amortization | 
 | 9,564 | 
 | 18 | 
 | 9,582 | 
| Additions to cumulative impairment losses | 
 | 434 | 
 | – | 
 | 434 | 
| Transfers | 
 | –4 | 
 | 0 | 
 | –4 | 
| Disposals | 
 | 7,234 | 
 | 1 | 
 | 7,234 | 
| Reversal of impairment losses | 
 | 659 | 
 | 0 | 
 | 660 | 
| Balance at Dec. 31, 2021 | 
 | 19,447 | 
 | 332 | 
 | 19,779 | 
| Carrying amount at Dec. 31, 2021 | 
 | 59,699 | 
 | 615 | 
 | 60,313 | 
Lease assets include assets leased out under the terms of operating leases and assets covered by long-term buyback agreements.
Investment property includes apartments rented out and leased dealerships with a fair value of €1,279 million (previous year: €1,436 million). Fair value is estimated using an investment method based on internal calculations (Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy). Operating expenses of €69 million (previous year: €64 million) were incurred for the maintenance of investment property in use. Expenses of €0.8 million (previous year: €1.0 million) were incurred for unused investment property.
Rental income from investment property amounted to €59 million in fiscal year 2022 (previous year: €58 million).